Lead: Natural Occurrence, Toxicity to Organisms and Bioremediation by Lead-degrading Bacteria: A Comprehensive Review

Heavy metals (HMs) are widespread and vital to life, but their accumulation in organisms can be hazardous. Lead (Pb) has lately attracted considerable attention due its devastating impacts on the environment human health, such as ability produce neurodevelopmental disorders children even at low exposure levels. Cardiovascular, renal, digestive, hematological, reproductive consequences exist. The current review sheds light familiar sources of HMs, ecological hazards, most common types with particular reference Pb, natural artificial sources, physical chemical characteristics, environmental health control strategies using different approaches remediation through (physical, biological strategies), microorganism-assisted bacteria advantages limitation each approach. Through this review, we introduce a solution eliminating problem Pb toxicity & food chain endophytes bacteria, it high efficiency treating lead toxicity. presentation will show mechanism these microbes